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 *  Treatment of disorders linked to etiology
 *  Biopsychological approach to treatment; can include:
 *  Drug therapy
 *  Individual therapy
 *  Group therapy
 *  Biomedical approaches are based on the assumption that biological factors are involved in the disorder.
 *  To fix, drugs can be used based on theories of brain chemistry
 *  Not all people respond in the same way to a drug, and is not known why
 *  Individual therapies
 *  Therapist works one-on-one with a client
 *  Kind of 'cognitive therapy'
 *  Group therapy
 *  Group of clients-usually with similar qualities etc- meet with one or more therapists
 *  Allows them to talk about private matters they have kept secret- part of the healing process.
 *  Allows the therapist to counsel several clients at the same time
 *  Cheaper, provides support group, helps clients realize others share their burden.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Group therapy allows patients to role-play and develop social skills in a safe, supportive environment.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Problems with confidentiality and group dynamics can arise
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Cultural considerations in treatment
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Al Mutlaq and Chaleby (1995)
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Identified problems with group therapy applied to Arab cultures
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Include strict gender roles, deference to members in the group based on age or tribal status, and the misperception that the therapy session is simply another social activity.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Therapists can sometimes use combination of western psychotherapy and indigenous healing practices- ie incorporation of family/community networks, spiritual beliefs as part of treatment.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Religion has been incorporated in Malaysia
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Behaviours of focusing on verses in the Koran that address 'worry'
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Chinese clients treated by quoting of Taoist literature focusing on learning to be content and to let go
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Called 'chinese taoist cognitive psychotherapy'
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Community psychologists- go beyond to include analysis of psychological health at community level
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Miller (2000)'s ecological model emphasizes relationships between people and settings they live in.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Use of eclectic approaches
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Often multiple therapies tried- drug and group therapy
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Often needed for different patients
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Ie, a suicidal patient may kill themselves before cognitive therapy takes effect- therefore drug therapy may be needed at first
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Rush et al (1977)
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Noted higher relapse rate for patients treated exclusively with drug therapy compared to cognitive therapy patients
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Argues that this is because cognitive therapy-treated patients learn skills to cope with depression, unlike those given drugs.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Hollon and Beck (1994)
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Showed how cognitive therapies are more effective than drug treatment alone at preventing relapse or recurrence except when drug treatment is continued long-term.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Klerman et al (1994)
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Combination of psychotherapy and drugs appears moderately more successfully
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Measuring effectiveness of therapy
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Eysenck (1961) argues that 'spontaneous remission alone' was responsible for the recovery- ie they would have gotten better even without treatment.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Criteria to consider:
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> For how long must a person show a relief from his or her symptoms to be categorized as a treatment success?
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Is the total absence of symptoms the only criterion that should be used?
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Should only observable behavioural change be used to assess success?
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Is it possible to gather quantitative data on the effectiveness of therapy, or only qualitative data?
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Who decides? Therapists are unlikely to say that there therapy was ineffective
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Likewise client may be a bad person to report on his own progress etc
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Outcome studies are used
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Focus on the result
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Difficulty in analysing exact level of depression- suicidal? High? Low?
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Therapy is not a standardized procedure- often individualized and personal. Smith et al (1980)'s meta-analysis found that overall most therapeutic approaches were seemed to produce improvement, but when breaking down there were significant differences in efficiency.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> 30-40% of canadian & american psychologists describe themselves as eclectic (Glassman, 2000)
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> All therapies involve a warm interpresonal relationship, reassurance, and support, and the opportunity for the individaul to gain insight into his or her experience- therefore all therapies may work (Bennun and Schindler 1988)