health

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Add the correct tag so it shows up in the navigation correctly bio - biological level of analysis cog - cognitive level of analysis socio - sociocultural level of analysis paperthree - research methods abnormal - abnormal behaviour option health - health psychology option __If you think there should be a new category to file posts by, email Mr Peake or Ms Fitzgerald.__
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• Examine models and theories of health promotion - // health belief model //
Connor J, Perid 5, Fulton et al. (1987), A Study Guided by The Health Belief Model of The Predictors of Breast Cancer Screening of Women Ages 40 and older This study demonstrates that women of Rhode Island will go for screenings more based on how they perceive the dangers of breast cancer and thier awarness. Oliver S, Period 5, Quist-Paulsen et al. (2003), [|Randomised Controlled Trial of Smoking Cessation Intervention After Admission for Coronary Heart Disease] This study demonstrates that individuals will take a health-related action if they think that a negative health problem can be avoided by taking the recommended action. Megan D, Period 4, Becker (1977), Health Belief Model, This study shows the prediction and dietary compliance with the health belief model with the use of mother's and their obese children.

• Examine models and theories of health promotion - // stages of change model //
Lindsey H - Ajzen (1991) [|The Theory of Planned Behavior] A theory/model to explain why someone behaves a certain way (as in why they would try to be healthy and take care of themselves). Libby, M. (1)/ Silvia Font-Mayolas (2008) Experimentation and Stages of Acquisition for Tobacco Consumption in Spanish Adolecsents

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The purpose of the study is to develop guidelines for tailoring interventions and also to investigate the utility of incorporation the experimentation variable into the stages of change model.====== Alexandra, D. / Carlo C. DiClemente (1993) Changing Addictive Behaviors: A Process Perspective This is about a collection of studies, including some that DiClemente was involved with and the implications of the stages of change model, also known as the transtheoretical model. DiClemente discusses how the stages of change model has successfully helped with interventions, psychological treatment, and "has stimulated new ways of thinking about individuals, natural groupings of individuals, treament seekers, and self-changers." He demonstrated through experimental research how the stage and process according to the model, can predict whether change is likely to be successful. Helpful from pg. 102-105, including the charts. Alexandra, I./ Michael Vallis Stages of Change for Healthy Eating in Diabetes The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics of patients with diabetes and their drive to achieve a healthier lifestyle and better eating habits while utilizing the stages of change model. Hayley, T, (5) Lyndal Khaw and Jennifer L. Hardesty, [|Theorizing the Process of Leaving: Turning Points and Trajectories in the Stages of Change] The Stages of Change Model has been used to explore women's process of leaving relationships involving intimate partner violence. Using a strengths-based approach, this study aims to build upon the model to further theorize the process of leaving. The study included interviews with 19 mothers who left their abusive husbands. Turning points marked mothers' movements from one stage of change to another, resulting in linear and nonlinear trajectories of leaving. Juliana S. (2003) R.P. Riemsma - [|Applying the transtheoretical model to pregnancy and STD prevention: a review of the literature.] This study shows that there is little evidence to support the effectiveness of the stages of change model on helping people quit smoking. Bret M. / Rosenstock (1966) [|Why People Use Health Services] The purpose of this article "to increase professional health workers’ knowledge of selected research findings and theory so that they may better understand why and under what conditions people take action to prevent, detect and diagnose disease" and "to increase awareness among qualified behavioral scientists about the kinds of behavioral research opportunities and needs that exist in public health."

• Examine models and theories of health promotion - // theory of reasoned action //
Courtney H. (period 2) / Paul M. Herr - Whither Fact, Artifact, and Attitude: Reflections on the Theory of Reasoned Action The purpose of this article is to discuss concerns raised about the implementation of the theory of reasoned action as well as to provide support for the theory of reasoned action in the form of additional theories that build upon and complement it. Kaitlin, K. Period 2. Bagozzi, Wong, Abe, and Bergami. [|Cultural and Situational Constingencies and the Theory of Reasoned Action: Application to Fast Food Restaurant Consumption] This stdy tested the extent that decisions regarding consumption of fast food are based on peer pressure. Krystal S. Period 1, Gillmore et al, [|Teen Sexual Behavior: Applicability of the Theory Of Reasoned Action.] This study aimes to examine if prior sexual experience influences sexual intercourse among teenagers. The researchers found that prior experience and sexual intercourse were positively correlated; there was not much of a difference between boys and girls

• Discuss the effectiveness of health promotion strategies // - cognitive dissonance //
Erskine R. (Period 05) -**Stellefson** - Intentions to Change Diet and Physical Activities Among College Students When college students are made to feel cognitive dissonance about their diet and exercise behaviors, they may be more likely to adopt healthier diet and exercise habits.

HEALTH PROMOTION POWERPOINTS:


 * Health Psych Researchers ** Name

(IV, DV, Procedure) ||  Results and Implications  ||  Strengths / Limitations  ||  Gender Ethics Culture  ||  Related Principles and Outcomes  ||
 * Description of Study
 * Lee – Treatment of PTSD ||  ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Shapiro – Teaching Self-Care to Care-Givers ||  ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Ehrmin – That feeling of not feeling ||  ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Grady – Preparing parents for teenagers ||  ||   ||   ||   ||

(IV, DV, Procedure) ||  Results and Implications  ||  Strengths / Limitations  ||  Gender Ethics Culture  ||  Related Principles and Outcomes  ||  Not enough information to generate limitations of study || 500 adolescent American participants All from the north west coast, New England || Discuss factors relating to overeating and the development of obesity. ||
 * Description of Study
 * Miller – Engaging the unmotivated in treatment ||  ||   ||   ||   ||
 * DiClemente – Changing Addictive Behaviours ||  ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Mayer – Obesity: Causes and Treatments ||  ||   ||   ||   ||
 * [|__Stephen O'Rahilly, Genetics of Obesity__] || 29 participants had mutations in the gene MC4R which is responsible for obesity. 23 had mutations on one chromosome and 6 had mutations on both chromosomes. Those with one mutated gene suffered severe obesity, increased body mass and diabetes. Those with two suffered from a greater range of health problems. Participants who retained mutations of signaling at the synaptic level suffered less severe symptoms. || Large sample group

(IV, DV, Procedure) ||  Results and Implications  ||  Strengths / Limitations  ||  Gender Ethics Culture  ||  Related Principles and Outcomes  ||
 * Description of Study
 * Goldblatt – Social factors in obesity ||  ||   ||   ||   ||
 * O’Brien, - The Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Band

Aimed to To ascertain whether surgical therapy for obesity achieves better weight loss, health, and quality of life than nonsurgical therapy. The design was a controlled, randomized trial. Patients were assigned to a program of very-low-calorie diets, pharmacotherapy, and lifestyle change for 24 months (nonsurgical group) or to placement of a laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (surgical group). || Results were measured by weight change, presence of the metabolic syndrome, and change in quality of life at 2 years. At 2 years, the surgical group had greater weight loss, with a mean of 21.6% of initial weight lost and 87.2% of excess weight lost, while the nonsurgical group had a loss of 5.5% of initial weight and 21.8% of excess weight (P < 0.001). The metabolic syndrome was initially present in 15 (38%) patients in each group and was present in 8 (24%) nonsurgical patients and 1 (3%) surgical patient at the completion of the study (P < 0.002). Quality of life improved statistically significantly more in the surgical group (8 of 8 subscores of Short Form-36) than in the nonsurgical group (3 of 8 subscores). Surgical treatment using laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding was statistically significantly more effective than nonsurgical therapy in reducing weight, resolving the metabolic syndrome, and improving quality of life during a 24-month treatment program. || Ecologically valid as it applies to real life. Very statistically significant. (p < 0.002) The study included mildly and moderately obese participants, was not powered for comparison of adverse events, and examined outcomes only for 24 months. The study only used Australian participants thus the study can only be generalized to the Australian population. || It was conducted in Australia at Monash University, Departments of Medicine and Surgery and an affiliated private hospital (Alfred Hospital). Participants were 80 adults with mild to moderate obesity (BMI 30-35) from the general Australian community. Ethical due to informed consent, withdrawal rights, high beneficence and no deception used. || Discuss prevention strategies and treatments for overeating and obesity. ||
 * [|__Braet__] - Inpatient Treatment for Children with Obesity ||  ||   ||   ||   ||
 * **Fulton - A Study Guided by the Health Belief Model**

Aimed to investigate the use of breast cancer screenings, and potential predictors of use, in women aged 40 and over.

852 Rhode Island women, aged 40 or older, were interviewed by telephone. Predictors for screening included the women’s socioeconomic status, use of medical care, sources of reported recommendations for screening, and the women’s health belief about breast cancer and mammography. The Health Belief model guided the construction of the interview questions and data analysis. || Found that most had never been recommended a breast exam, and were generally uneducated about mammography.

The findings suggest that programs intended to increase the use of breast cancer screening should include ‘inreach’ and ‘outreach’ elements; inreach to patients with the established relationships with health care providers, and outreach to all eligible women, by helping them overcome barriers to effective primary care, promoting mammography, and emphasising its effectiveness and safety. The findings also suggest that socioeconomically disadvantaged women, who are less likely to be screened than others, should become special targets of these interventions. || Strengths: Shows the importance of education and awareness in the health belief model

Limitations: only looks at one aspect of health, and in one social group || Gender: Only had scope for investigation in women; what about males?

Culture: only women from one area of America || Biological -irrelevant to this study

Cognitive - Mental processes guide behaviour - cognitive processes are influenced by social and cognitive factors - humans are active processors of information

Socio-Cultural - Culture influences behaviour ||


 * Health Psych Researchers ** Name

(IV, DV, Procedure) ||  Results and Implications  ||  Strengths / Limitations  ||  Gender Ethics Culture  ||  Related Principles and Outcomes  ||
 * Description of Study
 * **Vallis – Stages of change for healthy eating**

**Aim:** The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics of patients with diabetes and their drive to achieve a healthier lifestyle and better eating habits while utilizing the stages of change model.

**Procedure:** Sample of 768 overweight individuals with diabetes enrolled in a randomised behavioural intervention trial. Stage-based differences in demographic, eating-related, health care utilisation and psychological factors were examined. || ** Findings: ** Stage-based differences occurred for type two diabetic participants and differed in sex, disease-specific quality of life, percent calories from fat and number of daily vegetable servings.

**Conclusions:** Data validates the Transtheoretical Model since those in the intervention trial displayed healthier eating. The Transtheoretical Model in health psychology assesses an individual's readiness to act on a new healthier behavior, and provides strategies, or processes of change to guide the individual through the stages of change to action and maintenance. Findings also indicate that demographic and psychological factors may mediate readiness to change diet. || **Strengths:** Provides evidence supporting stages for healthy eating in diabetes. Compared type 1 diabetic patients with type 2 diabetic patients so results had higher ecological validity. Sample had 768 participants so results have increased reliability.

**Limitations:** Sample only consisted of people from Canada so the stages for healthy eating may be more effective from them compared to other cultures; such as Asian cultures - who view healthy lifestyles differently. || **Gender:** The findings showed that there was sex differences, for example; those in the action stage were more likely to be female. However, females may just outwardly show there action to change more than men.

**Ethics/culture:** Ethics of using 'obese' people. Findings may not occur across cultures, e.g. Asian cultures may deal with eating problems, health care and healthy lifestyles differently compared to western cultures. || **Related principles and outcomes:** Treatment of type 2 diabetic patients, how to institute change for healthier lifestyles. ||
 * DiClemente – Changing Addictive Behaviours ||  ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Stellefson – Effects of cognitive Dissonance on intentions to change diet ||  ||   ||   ||   ||