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 *  Coping & Coping Strategies
 *  Most inspired by Lazarus and Folkman 1975
 *  Their stress model is called the **transactional model of stress**
 *  Based on assumption that stress involves a //transaction// between an individual and the external world.
 *  Only a stressful event if it is //perceived// as stressful.
 *  Two forms of appraising an event.
 *  **Primary appraisal** which means it is judged irrelevant, positive or negative
 *  **Secondary appraisal** where different coping strategies are contemplated before choosing.
 *  Two appraisals influence each other and are interdependent.
 *  Folkman and Lazarus 1988
 *  Two main coping strategies
 *  **Problem-focused coping** - fiddling with stressor itself.
 *  **Emotion-focused coping** tries to //handle// the feelings/symptoms of stress.
 *  Carver 2007
 *  Hard to distinguish between the two ways of coping.
 *  Problem- focused more likely if person thinks they can control the stressor.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Emotion-focused more likely if person feels they have little control over stressor.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Noted that problem-focused coping can lead to less emotional disturbances, and emotion-focused can often lead to partial resolutions of the stressor.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Two types of emotion-focused coping
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> **Avoidance coping**
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Drowning your sorrows with booze
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> **Proactive coping**
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Trying to avoid a stressful experience- studying hard for a test because you don't want to fail.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Ursin and Erison 2004
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> People tend to benefit positively if they actively DO things to reduce stress.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> If they BELIEVE they can manage stress, then problem becomes less intense.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Social support as a coping strategy
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Gilles et al 2005
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Longitudinal study of ageing
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Found that regular personal & telephone contact with friends and family increases life expectancy.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> **Social support**
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Defined as the experience that one is part of a social network, with mutual assistance and obligations, and that one is cared for by others.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Support can be
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Emotional support
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Informational support
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Practical support
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Taylor 2002
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Meta-analysis of research of stress and coping
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Found a gender difference in social support
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Women tend to have and work more on social networks
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Men tend to exhibit the 'fight-or-flight' response.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Thoits 1995
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Women more involved than men in giving and receiivng social support.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Women more likely to mobilize social support in times of stress.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Belle 1987
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Adult women maintained more same-sex close relationships than men
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Report more benefit from contact with friends and relatives.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Whiting and Whiting 1975- results generalize across cultures.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Taylor 2008
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Culture is a variable that may moderate how social support is perceived.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Independence (western) versus interdependence (non-western).
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Individualistic cultures there exists pressure to be independent
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Collectivist cultures there exists pressures to be part of social groups.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Has implications for how social support is sook.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Taylor et al 2004
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Explored cultural differences in use of social support as a form of coping
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> European, US and Korean students asked about ways of coping.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Significantly lower Korean students used social support as way of coping
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Hypothesized it is because of fear of being criticised for disrupting harmony of the group.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Evans 1979
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> In 1979, over 15 million americans were using social support groups as their primary method of mental health aid.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Kessler et al 1997
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Approx. 25 million Americans participate in support groups at some time in their life.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Davison et al. 2000
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> White people and women more likely to participate in groups that non-white people & men.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Importance of internet social support groups is rising.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Klemm et al 1999
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Content analysis of postings in internet-based cancer support groups.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> 80% of all postings related to seeking information, encouragement and support.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Women twice as likely to offer encouragement, men twice as likely to offer information.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Wenzelberg et al 2003
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Randomized controlled experiment
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Aim to evaluate beneficial effects of online support groups
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Participants were 72 women diagnosed with breast cancer
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Randomly assigned to a 12-week web support group
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Participants told group was psychoeducational, and not an alternative to psychotherapy.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Found that the programme was moderately effective in reducing perceived stress and depression
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Ascertained via quiz/questions and subjective participant score.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Ethical issues with web-based support groups- privacy and confidentiality.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Mindfulness stress reduction as a coping strategy
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> **Mindfulness-based stress reduction**
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Developed by Kabat-Zinne in 1979
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Aims to cultivate 'mindfulness'
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Defines as 'the awareness that emerges through paying attention, on purpose, in the rpesent moment, and non-judgementally to the unfolding of experience moment by moment'.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Teaches ability to 'step back' from stressful reactions and avoid negative thinking patterns.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Shapiro et al 1998
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Tried to see if MBSR was effective
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Controlled study
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Premedical students offered the MBSR course at the University of Arizona
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Participants randomly assigned to the course or to a waiting list
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Equal numbers of men and women in the study
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Filled out self-report questionnaire assessing stress at start of term and during exams at end.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Designed to coincide with exams as is traditionally a high-tress period.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Found no difference between groups at beginning of term (as expected)
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Differences at exam-time questionnaire
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> People doing the course had less stress, tested lower on depression and had fewer symptoms of psychological stress compared to waiting list students.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Points to effectiveness in stress reduction.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Hard to generalize- sample all medical students, were self-selected AND were offered course credit to participate.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Speca et al 2000
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Controlled test
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Sample of cancer pations
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Recruited by publishing course in a cancer clinic in Calgary
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Those tested were randomly assigned to experimental group or waiting list (control)
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Effectiveness measured through stress symptoms questionnaire.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Experimental group showed reduction in total mood disturbance of 65%
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Reduction of 35% in stress symptoms.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Time spent meditating positively correlates with improvements in mood
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Noted that it could have been due to social desirability effects- they might have wanted to comply and show that it had an effect.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; font-size: 11.0pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2159in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">
 * These types of group-based psychosocial interventions are very cost and time-efficient.` ||  ||