Analyse+Etiologies+PTSD

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= Analyse etiologies (in terms of biological, cognitive and/or sociocultural factors) of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder = By Natalie Jones (2012) - Focuses on the role of __noradrenaline (__Neurotransmitter for arousal)
 * Biological Level of Analysis **

Geracioti (2001) found that PTSD patients had higher levels of noradrenaline thus would cause them to express emotions more openly than normal.

 **Experimental group:** Stimulating the adrenal system caused 70% of patients with PTSD to incur a panic-attack whilst 40% had flash backs.

 **Control group:** No control patients experienced this effect - Bremner (1998) – PTSD patients have increased sensitivity of noradrenaline receptors - Hauff & Vaglum (1994) suggests that there is a possible genetic predisposition to PTSD through twin research

- Focuses on how individual cognitions could make a difference to people who develop PTSD - Cognitive therapists : PTSD patients tend to feel that they have a lack of control over their lives and that the world is unpredictable.
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cognitive Level of Analysis **

<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"> They feel guilt regarding the trauma <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">- <span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cognitive therapists: <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">victims of child abuse who are able to see the abuse as a problem with the perpetrator and not their own fault are able to overcome PTSD. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">- PTSD patients may incur intrusive memories that are often triggered by sounds, sights or smells related to the traumatic event <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">- <span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Brewin et al (1996) <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">argue that flashbacks occur as a result of cue-dependent memory, where stimuli similar to the original traumatic event may trigger sensory and emotional aspects of the memory, thus causing panic. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">- <span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sutker et al (1995) <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">development of PTSD is associated with a tendency to take personal responsibility for failures and to cope with stress by focusing on the emotion, rather than the problem. It was found that Gulf War veterans who has a sense of purpose and commitment to the military had less chance of suffering from PTSD than others. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">- <span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Beck Attribution Theory <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">, relating the incident to a problem of the perpetrator and not the individual may be linked to the same schema processing suggested with the attribution theory of Beck.

<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Suedfeld (2003) <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">examined the attribution patterns in holocaust survivors. It was found that survivors were more likely than a Jewish control group to mention help from others.

<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Criticism: Is the attribution style the result of the holocaust or particular to the Jewish community; could be more about socio cultural factors other than cognitive. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">- The majority of research on PTSD focuses on sociocultural explanations. Research suggests that experiences with racism and oppression are predisposing factors for PTSD. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">- <span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Roysircar (2000) <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">researched __Vietnam War veterans.__ 20.6% of black and 27.6% of Hispanic veterans met the criteria for PTSD whereas only 13% of white veterans did.
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sociocultural Level of Analysis **

<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"> __Bosnia__ (1998) approximately 73% of girls and 35% of boys in Sarajevo suffered from symptoms of PTSD. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">- <span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kaminer et al (2000) <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">credited the higher rate of PTSD in girls to fear of rape. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">- <span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Silva (2000) <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">indicate that children may develop PTSD by observing domestic violence. Provides evidence that social learning may play a role in PTSD.