136-141


 *  Difficult to define abnormal behavior as is based on symptoms people exhibit or report
 *  Rosenhan and Seligman (1984) proposed seven criteria to determine if a behaviour is normal or not
 *  Suffering- does the person experience distress and discomfort?
 *  Maladaptiveness- does the person engage in behaviours that make life difficult for him or her rather than being helpful?
 *  Irrationality- is the person incomprehensible or unable to communicate in a reasonable manner?
 *  Unpredictability- does the person act in ways that are unexpected by himself or herself or by other people?
 *  Vividness and unconventionality- does the person experience things that ar different from most people?
 *  Observer discomfort- is the person acting in a way that is difficult to watch or that makes other people embarrassed?
 *  Violation of moral or ideal standards- does the person habitually break the accepted ethical and moral standards of the culture?
 *  Some of these represent what behaviours are acceptable to society, some with social norms, some on distress to the individual.
 *  Jahoda 1958
 *  Six characteristics of mental health
 *  Efficient self-perception
 *  Realistic self-esteem and acceptance
 *  Voluntary control of behaviour
 *  True perception of the world
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Sustaining relationships and giving affection
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Self-direction and productivity
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Much analysis of 'normal' is based on //value judgements//.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> The **medical model** : that aberrant behaviour is of physiological origin.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> **Classification system** : a (supposedly) objective analysis model.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Often psychiatrists forced to rely on a patient's //subjective// view of their current situation not objective observation
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Information exchange may be blocked if either the patient or the clinciian fails to respect the other, or if the other is not feeling well.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Intense anxiety or preoccupation on the part of the patient may affect the process
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> A clinician's unique style, degree of experience, and the theoretical orientation will definitely affect the interview
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Psychologists refer to the ABCS when describing symptoms
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Affective symptoms: emotional elements, including fear anger and sadness
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Behavioural symptoms: observational behaviours, such as crying, physical withdrawal from others and pacing
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Cognitive symptoms: ways of thinking including pessimism, personalization, and self-image
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Somatic symptoms: physical symptoms, including facial twitching, stomach cramping and amenorrhoea
 * <span style="direction: ltr; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2902in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> For a classification system to be reliable, **it should be possible for different clinicians, using the same system, to arrive at the same diagnosis for the same individual**.